Cosmas and Damian in Old Paneh is located in the heart of the capital, a China-town. A stone Church was erected in 1564 year, the place of the burnt wooden Church of saints Cosmas and Damian 1462, the year of construction.

The Church was a double-height square with five spires. In 1640 on the North side, the Church was built a chapel. It was consecrated in honor of the assumption. In 1803 the Church was rebuilt in the classicist style. The Church has a new refectory and a new bell tower. The restructuring has not affected the most ancient part of the Church of Cosmas and Damian. In 1926-1927 the Church was declared a historical and architectural monument and was restored.

In 1890, on the order of the temple, next to him was constructed. There were the apartments, rent, shops, and Church library. In 1911-12, the house was rebuilt by the architect P. Wisnewski.

In the area where the Church of Cosmas and Damian, 16 -17 centuries were diplomatic and trade mission of Poland. The tract was called "Old Lords". There was a Polish landlord's yard, where poles lived.

The brothers Cosmas and Damian were considered the patrons of blacksmiths and fire. It was believed that they helped the newlyweds – forging family bonds. They also considered healers and protectors of poultry and livestock. In honor of saints Cosmas and Damian feast - summer and winter Kuzminki.

According to the legend, in the Church of Cosmas and Damian in Old Paneh Ivan the terrible was crowned with his wife Vasilisa – his sixth wife. It is believed that the Church was the home Church of the famous Moscow boyars Sheenah, yard which was located nearby, at the same age.

In 1930 the Church was almost destroyed, turning into a deformed structure. This dilapidated building was occupied by commercial firms and various institutions. In 1995 the Church was returned to the Russian Orthodox Church. Restored, the Northern part of the Church, facing in Staropanskij lane. Restorers follow the project D. Sukhov, who conducted the restoration of the temple in 1926-1927

The temple operating. It regularly held worship.

In our day the Church of Cosmas and Damian is the main attraction of China-town. It attracts attention by its original completion – two tents.